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The Soviet Venera program, from 1961 to 1985, is one of the largest efforts ever undertaken to study another planet.
The fundamentals of interplanetary spacecraft design and remote sensing were first realized in the Venera missions.
Successes included 3 atmospheric probes, 10 landings, 4 orbiters, 11 flybys or impacts, and 2 balloon probes in the clouds.
Much of what is known today about Venus was discovered by these missions.
New Pages: Sputnik: 50 Years Ago
New Pages: The First Moon Probes
Venera-1: Inventing The Interplanetary Spacecraft (1957-1965)
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Venera-4: Plumbing The Atmosphere (1967-1972)
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Venera-9: Landers With Cameras (1975)
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Venera-13: Drilling Into The Surface of Venus (1978-1981)
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Venera-15: Radar Observation Of Venus (1983)
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Venera-Halley (VeGa): Aerostats In The Clouds (1984)
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Soviet Telemetry Systems
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Remote Imaging Systems
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Interplanetary Propulsion
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Remote Scientific Sensors
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Spacecraft Pennants
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Launches To Venus
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Bibliography
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Soviet Space Images
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Biographies
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